Shenzhou Program

The China Manned Space Program (CMS; ), also known as Project 921 () is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. It was approved on 21 September 1992 and has been in operation ever since. The ''CMS'' director is currently Zhou Jianping; he has held this position since 2006, after taking over from Wang Yongzhi, who served as the first director from 1992 to 2006.

As one of the most complex programs within the Chinese space agency, CMS was split into "three steps", or three phases, which can be summarized as follows:

# Crewed spacecraft launch and return.
# Space laboratory (with capabilities of extravehicular activities), spacecraft rendezvous and docking procedures.
# Long term modular space station.

On 29 November 2022, with the launch and docking of ''Shenzhou 15'' with the Tiangong space station, the CMSA successfully completed all three of the above steps, thereby making China the third nation to achieve human spaceflight (after the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States), as well as the second nation to operate a single-nation modular space station (after the Soviet Union/Russia's Mir).

Since the first spacecraft was launched in 1999, CMS has successfully completed 25 missions so far without any fatalities.

History

The formal research of China's human spaceflight began in 1968. An institute for medical and space engineering was founded in Beijing. It was the predecessor of China Astronaut Research and Training Center, at which China's astronauts are trained in the following decades. Before that, in 1964, China launched a sounding rocket, carrying several small animals to an altitude of 70 km as an attempt to study the effects of spaceflight on living creatures.

On 24 April 1970, China launched its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I into orbit. In 1970, Qian Xuesen, the father of China's space program, introduced his human spaceflight project, which was later called ''Project 714''. An early version of crewed spacecraft called Shuguang I was under research. However, this program was cancelled due to lack of funds and political interest. Instead, China decided in 1978 to pursue a method of sending astronauts into space using the more familiar FSW-derived ballistic reentry capsules. Two years later. in 1980, the Chinese government cancelled the program citing cost concerns.https://web.archive.org/web/20120419165427/http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/China_n_%20Second_Space_Age_1003.pdf - 5 May 2020

In order to gain relative experience, China launched and recover the first Fanhui Shi Weixing, a recoverable satellite, on 26 November 1975. The success of the mission demonstrated China's capabilities of controlled atmospheric entry.

In 1986, the 863 Program was funded by the Chinese government. It was intended to stimulate the development of science and technologies in several key areas, in which space capabilities were included.

The Chinese human spaceflight program, namely the China Manned Space Program, was formally approved on September 21, 1992, by the Standing Committee of Politburo as Project 921, with work beginning on 1 January 1993. The initial plan has three steps:

# First Step: Launch a manned spaceship with the aim of building up the fundamental capability in human space exploration and space experiments.
# Second Step: Launch a space laboratory tasked with making technological breakthroughs for extravehicular activities, space rendezvous and spacecraft docking procedures, as well as providing a solution for man-tended space utilization on a certain scale and short-term basis.
# Third Step: Establish a Space Station with the aim providing a solution for man-tended -space utilization on a larger scale and longer-term basis.

The program is led by a chief commander and a chief designer, who handle administrative and technical issues respectively. A joint meeting between these two is responsible for making decisions on important issues during the implementation of the project. The first chief designer of the program was Wang Yongzhi. A new organization, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), was founded for the administration of the program.

In 1994, China signed a cooperation agreement with Russia to purchase aerospace technologies. In 1995, a deal was signed between the two countries for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology to China. Included in the agreement were schedules for astronaut training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. In 1996, two Chinese astronauts, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia. After training, these men returned to China and proceeded to train other Chinese astronauts at sites near Beijing and Jiuquan.

The hardware and know-how purchased from Russia led to modifications of the original Step One spacecraft, later known called ''Shenzhou'', roughly translated as "divine vessel". New launch facilities were built at the Jiuquan launch site in Inner Mongolia, and in the spring of 1998 a mock-up of the Long March 2F launch vehicle with Shenzhou spacecraft was rolled out for integration and facility tests.

Development

First Step

The development of Long March 2F, China's first human-rated launch vehicle, began in September 1992. It was derived from the Long March 2E, but with a launch escape system and control system redundancy.

In December 1994, the first hot test fire of human-rated rocket's engine was completed successfully.

In 1996, two pilots from the Air Force, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, were handpicked and sent to Russia for training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.

In January 1998, 14 pilots were selected as the first batch of Chinese astronaut candidates.

In November 1998, a new flight control center, Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center, was opened to support CMS missions. Also in that year, a new launch complex adapting the advanced "three verticals" (vertical assembly, vertical testing and vertical transport) strategy was put into service in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to support CMS missions exclusively.

On 19 November 1999, ''Shenzhou 1'', the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and entered predetermined orbit. The ground electrical test model was used during this test flight to meet the deadline by the end of 1999. The return capsule of the spacecraft successfully separated with other parts and landed intact in Inner Mongolia the next day. Despite only limited systems being tested, the mission was still a successful test flight for the ''Shenzhou'' spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket.

The second test flight of ''Shenzhou'' occurred on 10 January 2001. ''Shenzhou 2'', the first formal unmanned spaceship of China, was launched into orbit and stayed for seven days before the return capsule separated and performed a safe landing.

In 2002, China launched ''Shenzhou 3'' and ''Shenzhou 4''; both ended in success. All systems of the program had passed the tests perfectly, indicating a manned mission was ready to be conducted.

The fifth launch, ''Shenzhou 5'', was the first to carry a human (Yang Liwei) and occurred at 01:00:00 UTC on 15 October 2003. At 587 seconds after taking-off, the spaceship separated from the rocket and entered an elliptical orbit with inclination of 42.4°, the perigee height of 199.14 km and the apogee height of 347.8 km. Yang became the first Chinese launched into space with Chinese launch vehicle and spacecraft. At 22:23 UTC on 15 October 2003, the re-entry module landed safely on central Inner Mongolia. The whole mission lasted for 21 hours and 23 minutes, making China the third country capable of sending human to space and back independently, after Russia and the United States.

The first "multi-person and multi-day" manned space flight, ''Shenzhou 6'', was conducted during 12–17 October 2005. Astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng spent more than 4 days in space and orbited the Earth for 76 orbits.

Second Step

The goal of the Second Step of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in extravehicular activities (EVA) as well as space rendezvous and docking to support short-term human activities in space. To complete the goal, China launched multiple crewed and uncrewed missions, including two prototypes of China's space station.

Phase 1: EVA, space rendezvous and docking

On 25 September 2008, ''Shenzhou 7'' was launched into space with three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. During the flight, Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming completed China's first EVA with the Feitian extravehicular space suit made in China and the Sea Hawk extravehicular space suit imported from Russia respectively.

In order to practice space rendezvous and docking, China launched an target vehicle, ''Tiangong 1'', in 2011 with a variant of Long March 2F, followed by ''Shenzhou 8'', the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft since ''Shenzhou 5''. The two spacecraft performed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011, which verified the performance of docking procedures and mechanisms. About 9 months later, ''Tiangong 1'' completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with ''Shenzhou 9'', a crewed spacecraft carrying Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and China's first female astronaut Liu Yang.

On 11 June 2013, crewed spacecraft ''Shenzhou 10'' carrying astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping was launched into orbit and docked with ''Tiangong 1''. The three astronauts spent 12 days in ''Tiangong 1'' by conducting scientific experiments, giving lectures to over 60 million students in China, and performing more docking tests before returning to Earth safely. The completion of the missions from ''Shenzhou 6'' to ''Shenzhou 10'' demonstrated China's technical advancement in human spaceflight, ending phase 1 of the Second Step.

Phase 2: Space laboratory

To further enhance China's human spaceflight capabilities and make preparation for the construction of future space station, China launched the second phase of the Second Step, which consisted of four space laboratory missions.

In June 2016, China conducted the maiden flight of Long March 7, a new generation medium-lift launch vehicle with higher payload capability to low Earth orbit, from the newly built Wenchang Space Launch Site located in the coastal Hainan Province.

In September 2016, ''Tiangong 2'' was launched into the orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than ''Tiangong 1''. A month later, ''Shenzhou 11'' was launched and docked with ''Tiangong 2''. Two astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong entered ''Tiangong 2'' and stationed for about 30 days, breaking China's record of longest human spaceflight mission while verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space.

In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, ''Tianzhou 1'' docked with ''Tiangong 2'' and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the Second Step of CMS.

Third Step

On 5 May 2020, China successfully launched the maiden flight of Long March 5B, whose payload capability is greater than , allowing China to put a large space station module into low Earth orbit. The mission inaugurated the Third Step of CMS.

The Third Step aims to complete the construction of China's space station '' Tiangong''. It can be divided into two phases:

Phase 1: demonstration of key technologies

On 29 April 2021, the second Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the ''Tianhe'' core module, the most complex spacecraft independently developed by China. The core module entered the predetermined orbit about 494 seconds after launch, marking the start of the in-orbit construction of China's space station.

On 29 May 2021, ''Tianzhou 2'', the first cargo spacecraft to the space station, was launched by a Long March 7 rocket and docked with ''Tianhe'' core module 8 hours later. The shipment included astronaut supplies, space station equipment, extravehicular space suits and propellant.

The first crewed mission to ''Tianhe'', ''Shenzhou 12'', was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on 17 June 2021. The spacecraft conducted China's first crewed autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking 6 hours 32 minutes after launch. Three crew members, Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, became the first inhabitants of ''Tiangong'' Space Station.

At 00:11 UTC on 4 July 2021, two of the ''Shenzhou 12'' crew members, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, conducted the first EVA on the space station, which lasted for 6 hours 46 minutes, breaking the previous 20-minute EVA record made during Shenzhou 7 mission in 2008 by a huge margin.

The ''Shenzhou 12'' crew returned to Earth safely on 17 September 2021.

On 20 Sep 2021, ''Tianzhou 3'' cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station.

On 15 October 2021, ''Shenzhou 13'' was launched and docked to ''Tianhe'' core module 6.5 hours later. The crew, including Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu, planned to complete a six-month stay, the longest one since the beginning of the program. About three weeks later, Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping completed the crew's first EVA on 7 November 2021, making Wang the first Chinese female astronaut to perform an EVA.

At 07:59 UTC on 27 March 2022, ''Tianzhou 2'' cargo spacecraft was undocked from the ''Tianhe'' core module after completing its mission, followed by its controlled reentry to the atmosphere over the south Pacific Ocean on 31 March 2022. The ''Shenzhou 13'' crew returned to Earth safely on 16 April 2022.

Phase 2: assembly and construction

Following the conclusion of phase 1, 6 more missions will be conducted to implement phase 2, including launches of 2 laboratory modules of ''Tiangong'', 2 cargo spacecraft and 2 crewed spacecraft. All these missions are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022.

On 9 May 2022, ''Tianzhou 4'' cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station, which docked with the station the next day.

On 5 June 2022, ''Shenzhou 14'' was launched and docked to ''Tianhe'' core module almost 7 hours later. The crew, including Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe, will spend six months on the space station during this very first crewed mission of the construction phase.

On 17 July 2022 at 02:59 UTC, Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.

On 24 July 2022, the third Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the ''Wentian'' laboratory cabin module, the largest and heaviest spacecraft launched by China. The module docked to the space station in less than 20 hours later, adding the second module and the first laboratory module to it.

At 10:26 UTC on 1 September 2022, two of the ''Shenzhou 14'' crew members, Chen Dong and Liu Yang, conducted the first EVA from the ''Wentian'' module's airlock, which lasted for 6 hours 7 minutes. About two weeks later, on 17 September 2022, at 05:35 UTC, the second spacewalk carried out by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.

On 31 October 2022, the fourth Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the ''Mengtian'' laboratory cabin module. The module docked to the space station in less than 13 hours later, adding the third module and the second laboratory module to it. On 3 November 2022, the 'T-shape' Tiangong space station was formed with the transpositioning of the last module.

On 9 November 2022 at 06:55 UTC, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.

On 12 November 2022, '' Tianzhou 5'' cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station and docked after 2 hours and 7 minutes, breaking the world record for the fastest rendezvous and docking between a spacecraft and a space station.

On 17 November 2022 at 03:16 UTC, the third spacewalk carried out again by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.

On 29 November 2022 at 15:08 UTC, ''Shenzhou 15'' launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center; the spacecraft docked with the space station about 6 and one-half hours later at 21:42 UTC. Astronauts Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu (the ''Shenzhou 15'' crew) are expected to participate in the first crew handover on the China space station which would mark the completion of the station's construction.

With the completion of construction, the Space Station will enter the application and permanently manned phase in which crew rotations would become routine. The station is expected to operate in orbit for no less than 10 years, and perhaps up to 15 years, until 2038.

Composition

China Manned Space Program is composed of 14 systems, with more than one thousand units from various sectors involved.

The 14 systems and their main objectives are:

Astronaut System

Ensuring the health and performance of astronauts during long term space flight

Space Application System

Making use of the on-board application support capacity to enable space science experiments and investigations.

Manned Spacecraft System

Development of '' Shenzhou'' series manned spacecraft used for transporting human into space and back.

Space Laboratory System

Development of two prototypes of future space station, ''Tiangong 1'' and ''Tiangong 2'', for the purpose of technology demonstrations.

Long March 2F

Development of Long March 2F, the human-rated carrier rocket used to launch ''Shenzhou'' spacecraft and space laboratories.

Long March 7

Development of Long March 7 carrier rocket designed for '' Tianzhou'' cargo spacecraft launching.

Long March 5B

Development of Long March 5B carrier rocket, which is responsible for carrying space station modules for the construction of ''Tiangong'' Space Station.

Jiuquan Launch Center

Carrying out launch missions for manned spaceship and space laboratory.

Wenchang Space Launch Site

Carrying out the launching of ''Tiangong'' space station modules and ''Tianzhou'' cargo spaceships.

TT&C and Communications System

Measuring, monitoring and controlling the flight path, altitude and operating status of the rockets and spacecraft, providing channels for video and voice communications with the astronauts and sending scientific data back to Earth.

Landing Site System

Tracking, searching and locating the landed re-entry capsules, rescuing the astronauts and refurbishing and recycling the re-entry capsules and payloads.

Manned Space Station

Development and building of China's ''Tiangong'' Space Station

Cargo Vehicle System

Research and development of ''Tianzhou'' cargo vehicle.

Optical Module

Research and development of optical facilities and optical platforms.

Missions

; Mission types：

Conducted missions

The list below includes all missions operated by CMS, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, cargo spaceships, launch vehicle test flights and space station modules.

Upcoming missions

Astronauts

November 1996 trainer selection

There were two astronaut trainers selected for Project 921. They trained at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center in Russia.

# Li Qinglong – born August 1962 in Dingyuan, Anhui Province and PLAAF interceptor pilot and space instructor at Star City
# Wu Jie – born October 1963 in Zhengzhou, Henan Province and PLAAF fighter pilot

January 1998 astronaut candidate selection

# Chen Quan – PLAAF pilot
# Deng Qingming – from Jiangxi Province and PLAAF pilot, back up on Shenzhou 11, flew on Shenzhou 15
# Fei Junlong – second Chinese astronaut, commander of Shenzhou 6 and Shenzhou 15
# Jing Haipeng – born October 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 11
# Liu Boming – born September 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 12
# Liu Wang – born in Shanxi Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 9
# Nie Haisheng – back up in Shenzhou 5, flight engineer on Shenzhou 6, commander of Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 12
# Pan Zhanchun – PLAAF pilot
# Yang Liwei – first man sent into space by the space program of China on Shenzhou 5, made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space
# Zhai Zhigang – back up in Shenzhou 5, commander of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 13
# Zhang Xiaoguang – born in Liaoning Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 10
# Zhao Chuandong – PLAAF pilot

2010 astronaut candidate selection

# Cai Xuzhe – flew on Shenzhou 14
# Chen Dong – flew on Shenzhou 11, commander of Shenzhou 14
# Liu Yang – first Chinese woman into space, flew on Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 14
# Tang Hongbo – back up on Shenzhou 11, flew on Shenzhou 12
# Wang Yaping – second Chinese woman into space, flew on Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 13
# Ye Guangfu – back up on Shenzhou 12, flew on Shenzhou 13
# Zhang Lu - flew on Shenzhou 15

2020 astronaut candidate selection

18 people - 17 men, 1 woman, all of whose names were not revealed - had been selected as new astronauts. The positions were broken down as 7 spacecraft pilots ("aviators of the People's Liberation Army Air Force"), 7 flight engineers ("former researchers or technicians in aeronautics, astronautics and other related fields"), and 4 mission payload specialists ("those involved in space science and through applications for China's manned space program").

International collaborations

In 2016, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) signed a Framework Agreement and a Funding Agreement with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to increase cooperation on future Chinese space station.

On 28 May 2018, UNOOSA and CMSA announced an initiative to accept applications from United Nations Member States to conduct experiments on-board China's space station.

On 12 June 2019, the winners of the competitors were announced. 9 projects, involving 23 institutions from 17 Member States of the United Nations, were selected by experts.

See also

* Tiangong Space Station
* Tiangong program
* Space program of China
* China Manned Space Agency

References

Citations

Sources

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External links

Official Website of China Manned Space Program


Flickr: Photos tagged with shenzhou
photos likely relating to Shenzhou spacecraft

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenzhou Program

Crewed spacecraft
Human spaceflight programs
Space program of the People's Republic of China